ABSTRACT
The severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variants BA.5.2 and BF.7 have become the main epidemic strains in China since the quarantine policy was lifted in 7th December 2022. Cough is one of the main symptoms induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated cough injuries the lung and upper respiratory tract, while the infected people cough out virus and liquid which forms virus-containing aerosols, a medium for quickly spreading. Furthermore, cough is one of primary sequelae of discharged patients in corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). By now, there are no efficacious drugs for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection associated cough induced by omicron. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history on treating cough. By reviewing the mechanisms of the occurrence of cough after SARS-CoV-2 infection, potential therapeutic targets and cough suppressant herbs with significant efficacy in clinical and basic research, we provide a reference for the treatment of cough after SARS-Cov-2 infection and a basis for the majority of infected patients to select appropriate herbs for cough relief under guidance of physicians.Copyright © 2023 Editorial Office of Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Viruses are agents that can infect all kinds of living organisms, and the most important hosts are humans, animals, plants, bacteria and fungi. Viral diseases are responsible for serious morbidity and mortality worldwide, are a major threat to public health, and remain a major problem worldwide. The recently prominent Coronaviruses (CoVs) within this group belong to the Coronaviridae family, subfamily Coronavirinae, and are large (genome size 26-32 kb), enveloped, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA ) viruses that can infect both animals and humans. The world has experienced three epidemics caused by betaCoVs in the last two decades: SARS in 2002-03, MERS in 2012, and COVID-19, first identified in 2019. COVID-19 continues to be our current health problem and studies on the subject continue. Result and Discussion: The term "antiviral agents" is defined in very broad terms as substances other than virus-containing vaccine or specific antibody that can produce a protective or therapeutic effect for the clearly detectable effect of the infected host. Nature has the potential to cure humanity's helplessness against viruses with many different plant species with strong antiviral effects. During the screening of plants with antiviral effects, focusing on plants used in folk medicine is of great importance in terms of maximizing the benefit to humanity - saving time and effort by dealing with valuable ancient knowledge on a scientific basis. In this review, viral diseases and the plants used in these diseases and determined to be effective are mentioned.Copyright © 2022 University of Ankara. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the core targets and important pathways of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced atherosclerosis (AS) progression from the perspective of immune inflammation, so as to predict the potential prevention and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Methods Microarray data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and AS patients, and the "limmar" and "Venn" packages were used to screen out the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) genes in both diseases. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed on the common DEGs to annotate their functions and important pathways. The two gene sets were scored for immune cells and immune function to assess the level of immune cell infiltration. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING database, and the CytoHubba plug-in of Cytoscape was used to identify the hub genes. Two external validation datasets were introduced to validate the hub genes and obtain the core genes. Immuno-infiltration analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed on the core genes respectively. Finally the potential TCM regulating the core genes were predicted by Coremine Medical database. Results A total of 7898 genes related to COVID-19, 471 genes related to AS progression;And 51 common DEGs, including 32 highly expressed genes and 19 low expressed genes were obtained. GO and KEGG analysis showed that common DEGs, which were mainly localized in cypermethrin-encapsulated vesicles, platelet alpha particles, phagocytic vesicle membranes and vesicles, were involved in many biological processes such as myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway transduction, interleukin-8 (IL-8) production and positive regulation, IL-6 production and positive regulation to play a role in regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, Toll-like receptor binding and lipopeptide and glycosaminoglycan binding through many biological pathways, including Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, complement and coagulation cascade reactions. The results of immune infiltration analysis demonstrated the state of immune microenvironment of COVID-19 and AS. A total of 5 hub genes were obtained after screening, among which Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) and complement C1q subcomponent subunit B (C1QB) genes passed external validation as core genes. The core genes showed strong correlation with immune process and inflammatory response in both immune infiltration analysis and GSEA enrichment analysis. A total of 35 TCMs, including Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma), Taoren (Persicae Semen), Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Pugongying (Taraxaci Herba), Taizishen (Pseudostellariae Radix), Huangjing (Polygonati Rhizoma), could be used as potential therapeutic agents. Conclusion TLR2, CD163 and C1QB were the core molecules of SARS-CoV-2-mediated immune inflammatory response promoting AS progression, and targeting predicted herbs were potential drugs to slow down AS progression in COVID-19 patients.Copyright © 2023 Editorial Office of Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays health is very important. All need to take care of their health so that they can prevent diseases and improve their quality of life. The Sanskrit word Ayurveda comprises Science and Knowledge. In simple words, we can say that Ayurveda is the art of living. Medicines can cause hazards to our bodies as well but Ayurveda uses all the natural things for treatment so it is not harmful or dangerous for our bodies. The precise identification of medicinal plants is critical in Ayurvedic medicine. Human specialists use visual characteristics and fragrances to identify plants. Along with leaves flowers and spices are also a vital component in curing diseases. Flowers like lavender, marigold, hibiscus and many more, spices like clove, ginger, cumin, turmeric and so on play crucial role along with their leaves. Covid -19 had very terrible impact on lives of many people. Along with medicines;Ayurveda also played a very important role in curing people. Ayurvedic kadas and many more vanaspatis were used to get rid of this virus, many of the people got rid of this virus at home using home remedies. So, our main aim is to predict the ayurvedic plants that can cure various diseases using machine learning models. © 2023 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Omicron, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, is responsible for numerous infections in China. This study investigates the association between the use of Seven-Flavor Herb Tea (SFHT) and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to develop precise and differentiated strategies for control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This case-control study was conducted at shelter hospitals and quarantine hotels in China. A total of 5348 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were enrolled between April 1 and May 31, 2022, while 2190 uninfected individuals served as healthy controls. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographics, underlying diseases, vaccination status, and use of SFHT. Patients were propensity-score-matched using 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching of the logit of the propensity score. Subsequently, a conditional logistic regression model was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 7538 eligible subjects were recruited, with an average age of [45.54 ± 16.94] years. The age of COVID-19 patients was significantly higher than that of uninfected individuals ([48.25 ± 17.48] years vs [38.92 ± 13.41] years; t = 22.437, P < 0.001). A total of 2190 COVID-19 cases were matched with uninfected individuals at a 1:1 ratio. The use of SFHT (odds ratio = 0.753, 95% confidence interval: 0.692, 0.820) was associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to untreated individuals. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that taking SFHT reduces the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a useful study in the larger picture of COVID-19 management, but data from large-sample multi-center, randomized clinical trial are warranted to confirm the finding. Please cite this article as: Zhang SX, Chen XX, Zheng Y, Cai BH, Shi W, Ru M, Li H, Zhang DD, Tian Y, Chen YL. Reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is associated with the use of Seven-Flavor Herb Tea: A multi-center observational study in Shanghai, China. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(4):369-376.
ABSTRACT
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy) is a relatively common herbal supplement whose use has recently become prominent in Southeast Asia. It was promoted to the public in India as an immunity booster, especially against the novel COVID-19. There have been reports, mostly from India, of an association between Guduchi/Giloy and liver injury. We present a 50-year-old female with a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis, who presented with abdominal discomfort and nausea of two weeks duration, which coincided with starting HistaEzeTM supplement containing Tinospora cordifolia. The vital signs upon presentation showed no significant abnormalities. Labs were significant for severely elevated transaminases; however, viral panels, autoimmune serologies, and imaging studies were unremarkable. Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method (RUCAM) score was at 6, which was indicative of probable drug/herb-induced liver injury. HistaEzeTM was discontinued, and the patient took a three-day course of oral steroids with significant interval improvement in clinical status, as evidenced by progressive normalization of the transaminases level. The transaminases decreased by greater than 50% within two weeks of discontinuation and trended back to baseline within three months. This case highlights the worldwide availability and use of Tinospora cordifolia, which can cause liver injury that appears to be idiosyncratic and possibly immune-mediated. Further research on the precise mechanism of its hepatotoxicity is warranted.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of herbal drug pharmacokinetic interactions on the biotransformation of molnupiravir and its metabolite ß-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) in the blood and brain. To investigate the biotransformation mechanism, a carboxylesterase inhibitor, bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP), was administered. Not only molnupiravir but also the herbal medicine Scutellaria formula-NRICM101 is potentially affected by coadministration with molnupiravir. However, the herb-drug interaction between molnupiravir and the Scutellaria formula-NRICM101 has not yet been investigated. We hypothesized that the complex bioactive herbal ingredients in the extract of the Scutellaria formula-NRICM101, the biotransformation and penetration of the bloodbrain barrier of molnupiravir are altered by inhibition of carboxylesterase. To monitor the analytes, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLCMS/MS) coupled with the microdialysis method was developed. Based on the dose transfer from humans to rats, a dose of molnupiravir (100 mg/kg, i.v.), molnupiravir (100 mg/kg, i.v.) + BNPP (50 mg/kg, i.v.), and molnupiravir (100 mg/kg, i.v.) + the Scutellaria formula-NRICM101 extract (1.27 g/kg, per day, for 5 consecutive days) were administered. The results showed that molnupiravir was rapidly metabolized to NHC and penetrated into the brain striatum. However, when concomitant with BNPP, NHC was suppressed, and molnupiravir was enhanced. The blood-to-brain penetration ratios were 2% and 6%, respectively. In summary, the extract of the Scutellaria formula-NRICM101 provides a pharmacological effect similar to that of the carboxylesterase inhibitor to suppress NHC in the blood, and the brain penetration ratio was increased, but the concentration is also higher than the effective concentration in the blood and brain.
ABSTRACT
Sanrentang,originally contained in the Regulations on Febrile Diseases written by WU Ju-tong in the Qing dynasty,was composed of eight traditional Chinese herbs to treat damp-warm diseases. It is a treatment method of gradually clearing away damp heat of tri-jiao,with characteristics of separating dispersion and mobilizing discharge. "Separating dispersion" means dispersion in separated ways,with different ways to eliminate dampness to export the dampness,heat,evil and turbid out of the body. "Mobilizing discharge" means discharge to stretch and unblock the Qi,to get rid of dampness and evil. It can be seen,Sanrentang,as a desiccating formula,taking "separating dispersion and mobilizing discharge" as the cubic basis,has a significant effect on both internal and external dampness associated with pathogenic heat syndrome,and its clinical application is quite extensive. After consulting the data of the past 10 years,the authors gave a brief overview on the syndrome theory,clinical application and pharmacological effects of Sanrentang, and elaborated the therapeutic effect and pharmacological effect of Sanrentang in the clinical application of upper,middle and lower Tri-jiao respectively,providing theoretical reference for effective development and utilization of Sanrentang. Coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)swept the world in early 2020 and it is a great challenge for the medical community to seek for effective prevention and treatment methods. For COVID-19,although the cause of the disease belongs to the Qi of "pestilence",many doctors have different opinions on the pathogenic characteristics. However,they all agree with the clinical characteristics of "dampness". COVID-19,which has the attribute of "dampness evil",is so sticky that it can't be cured at once. In addition to the main symptoms such as fever and cough,it is also characterized by the middle-jiao dampness symptoms such as poor appetite,fullness of abdomen,loose stool and diarrhea. It is worthy to further explore the application prospect of Sanrentang in COVID-19 prevention and treatment.Copyright © 2021, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Kabasura Kudineer is a polyherbal decoction of the Siddha medical system (an Indian system of medicine), traditionally used to cure fever, colds, coughs, and respiratory ailments. The government of India had recommended Kabasura Kudineer as one of many preventive/treatment measures for COVID-19. Kabasura Kudineer Choornam is an admixed coarse powder of 15 herbs and its decoction is Kabasura Kudineer. The chemical constituents in the 15 herbs used for the preparation of the Choornam are known but the constituents present in the Kabasura Kudineer (decoction) are unidentified. Piperine, vasicine and eugenol are known for their potent activity against respiratory tract infections;hence, they were selected as marker compounds. The present work was planned to simultaneously quantify piperine, vasicine and eugenol in Kabasura Kudineer by the HPTLC method. The optimised mobile phase was toluene: ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (5:9:3:0.5, v/v/v/v), and the scanning was carried out at 287 nm. The Rf values of piperine, vasicine and eugenol were found to be 0.70, 0.32 and 0.82, respectively. The linearity range of piperine and vasicine was 500-3000 ng spot-1 and it was 10-60 ng spot-1 for eugenol. The quantities of piperine, vasicine and eugenol in Kabasura Kudineer (100 mL) were 0.03, 0.056 and 0.035 % w/v, respectively. This developed method can be used to simultaneously quantify piperine, vasicine and eugenol in any polyherbal formulation.Copyright © 2023, Informatics Publishing Limited and Society for Biocontrol Advancement. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Aim and Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, is the world's most serious health issue. COVID-19 is currently without a precise and successful antiviral treatment. Phytochemicals provide a ray of hope for public well-being amid the pandemic, and much study is being done on them. Material(s) and Method(s): Cinchona bark contains phytochemicals that have been used as antiviral agents against various viruses because they can suppress various viruses via various mechanisms of direct inhibition at the viral entry point and replication stages via immunomodulation potentials. Cinchona bark and its components have also been shown to have promising antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2, according to recent data. This narrative analysis summarizes cinchona phytochemical agents, their mechanisms of action, and possible antiviral behaviours against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Results and Discussion: Medicinal plants and their extracts and herbs have shown positive results in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and could help treat COVID-19 patients as alternatives to care under phytotherapy approaches during this disastrous pandemic scenario. Conclusion(s): Finally, we presented the advantages and disadvantages of using cinchona herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as some observations and suggestions.Copyright All © 2023 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
ABSTRACT
The novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Ancient Chinese herbal formulas are effective for diseases caused by viral infection, and their effects on COVID-19 are currently being examined. To directly evaluate the role of Chinese herbs in inhibiting replication of SARS-CoV-2, we investigated how the phytochemicals from Chinese herbs interact with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). Total 1025 compounds were screened, and then 181compounds were selected for molecular docking analysis. Four phytochemicals licorice glycoside E, diisooctyl phthalate, (-)-medicocarpin, and glycyroside showed good binding affinity with RdRp. The best complex licorice glycoside E/RdRp forms 3 hydrogen bonds, 4 hydrophobic interactions, 1 pair of Pi-cation/stacking, and 4 salt bridges. Furthermore, docking complexes licorice glycoside E/RdRp and diisooctyl phthalate/RdRp were optimized by molecular dynamics simulation to obtain the stable conformation. These studies indicate that they are promising as antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.Copyright © The Author(s) 2022.
ABSTRACT
Covid-19, one of the coronaviruses, emerged in Wuhan, China, due to zoonotic infection towards the end of December 2019. According to WHO data, Covid-19 has been present among 267.865.289 people in 222 countries, causing death for 5.285.888 (December 12, 2021). Furthermore, these figures are increasing every day. In Turkey, 8.984.407 people have been infected thus far, and 78.602 have died (December 12, 2021). The following questions were investigated in this study: Does Covid-19 affect the use of medicinal and aromatic plants? If it does, what are the changes? What types of herbs are used and in which ways are they used? Who advises people to use these herbs? According to the results, 113 taxa belonging to 61 families and 105 genera were used by the participants at the genus, species and subspecies levels. Herbs that were widely used are Thymus spp., Tilia spp., Salvia spp., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Mentha spp., Curcuma longa L., Rosa canina L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Lavandula spp., Matricaria spp., respectively. There was a positive and moderate-level relationship between medicinal and aromatic plants before and after COVID-19 and another positive and moderate-level relationship between the frequencies of using medicinal and aromatic plants before and after the pandemic. The relationships were significant for both questionnaire items. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the frequency of use of medicinal and aromatic plants before and after Covid-19. © 2023 Universidad Complutense. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
The prairie nymph, Herbertia lahue ssp. caerula, is a critically imperiled grassland plant in Mississippi. A large population of the prairie nymph occurs at the Vicksburg National Military Park. This population of prairie nymph occurs in a managed anthropogenic grassland with a host of associated native and exotic species. With the assistance of National Park Service staff an experiment investigating the effects of their mowing and a study of the growing conditions and pollinators of the plant was initiated. The mowing experiment was abandoned after two years because of the COVID-19 pandemic and yielded no significant results. Here we report on the growing conditions and associated species. The syrphid fly, Toxomerus marginatus, was observed to be a frequent flower visitor. © Copyright 2022 Southern Appalachian Botanical Society.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: As of, from 30th Jan to 31st May, 2020, more than 182,143 confirmed cases were reported in India along with 86,984 recovered cases and 5164 deceased cases of COVID-19. More than 53 countries are also affected with this pandemic virus. However, the lack of specific drugs to prevent/treat this pandemic disease is a major problem in this current scenario. In this re-gard, this systemic review was conducted to identify the therapeutic approaches and researches, which are ongoing in India against COVID-19. Method(s): We had screened Google Scholar database with the keywords nCoV, corona virus in In-dia, effect of SARS-CoV-2 in India, 2019-nCoV, treatment pattern in India for nCoV and therapy used to treat nCoV in India. In the final review, we had included a total of 49 articles. Result(s): As a result we had found that the Indian Council of Medical Research and NIH have giv-en a standard guideline of Hydroxychloroquine and other antiviral drugs for nCoV, and also there are various researches going on related to nCoV treatment like, chemicals from natural products, herbs and spices commonly used in India, combination therapy of lopinavir and ritonavir, ultra-vio-let radiation therapy, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of molecules for vaccine preparation, Convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) therapy and many more. Conclusion(s): New drugs and therapy are in the premature stage for this hazardous pandemic. We need more time to gain the detailed knowledge of the life cycle of the nCoV, which can speed up the drug/vaccine development process against nCoV.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19, a pandemic has led the whole globe through unprecedented times and unpre-dictability that has adversely affected the humanity as a whole. Although the severe acute respiratory syndrome was reported in the year 2002-2004 of zoonotic origin caused by SARS-CoV-1 strain. Now recently, in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 virus has emerged and swiftly spread to the whole world, taking a heavy toll on life. Studies are being conducted worldwide to find antiviral drugs act-ing specifically on the virus and to develop the vaccine for the disease. The present review article summarizes the currently undergoing clinical trials of Indian Ayurvedic herbs and their role in promoting immunity. It also includes studies focused on repurposing the existing drugs and finding alternative treatment methods that can be opted for potential treatment/management of COVID-19. Last but not the least, this paper provides a background on the development of preventive vaccines and the various bioinformatic tools utilized in order to help accelerate the research on coronavirus. The manuscript gives a brief outline of all the possible strategies and therapeutics underway in India and at the global level to fight against the microscopic adversary and lead to an affordable and speedy remedy for COVID-19.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
December 2019 has become one of the most surprising days in the whole world in light of the flare-up of a most infectious sickness brought about by novel Covid or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study is conducted to assess the benefits of the use of home remedies to prevent the cause of Covid-19 and evaluate the assessment of dietary changes and physical activity in the prevention of Covid-19. A questionnaire-based online survey is conducted using Google forms consisting of multiple-choice questions about home remedies, lifestyle and dietary changes made by the people during this pandemic. These home remedies included using different types of herbal preparations, steam inhalation, physical exercise and OTC medications for prophylaxis. Questions likewise included about being infected by Coronavirus-19(during first wave or second) and their recovery period, additionally collected their viewpoint for changes made, for example how much they are useful in the prevention of the attack and whenever encountered any undesirable impacts. Total responses were 210, among which 121(57.6%) responses were from females and 89(42.4%) from males. 65 people tested Covid positive (42 during the first wave and 23 during the second wave). 118(56.2%) of people think these changes are very beneficial. (Rated 4 and 5 out of 5 points). From our survey, we concluded that different herbal preparations of their composition, which they thought are helpful, and steam inhalations have been used. Rating regarding the use and effectiveness was also found to be average. Further studies are needed to prove and provide clear evidence about adverse and side effects associated with the use of herbal products.Copyright © 2022 Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Viruses are agents that can infect all kinds of living organisms, and the most important hosts are humans, animals, plants, bacteria and fungi. Viral diseases are responsible for serious morbidity and mortality worldwide, are a major threat to public health, and remain a major problem worldwide. The recently prominent Coronaviruses (CoVs) within this group belong to the Coronaviridae family, subfamily Coronavirinae, and are large (genome size 26-32 kb), enveloped, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA ) viruses that can infect both animals and humans. The world has experienced three epidemics caused by betaCoVs in the last two decades: SARS in 2002-03, MERS in 2012, and COVID-19, first identified in 2019. COVID-19 continues to be our current health problem and studies on the subject continue. Result and Discussion: The term "antiviral agents" is defined in very broad terms as substances other than virus-containing vaccine or specific antibody that can produce a protective or therapeutic effect for the clearly detectable effect of the infected host. Nature has the potential to cure humanity's helplessness against viruses with many different plant species with strong antiviral effects. During the screening of plants with antiviral effects, focusing on plants used in folk medicine is of great importance in terms of maximizing the benefit to humanity - saving time and effort by dealing with valuable ancient knowledge on a scientific basis. In this review, viral diseases and the plants used in these diseases and determined to be effective are mentioned.Copyright © 2022 University of Ankara. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Viruses are agents that can infect all kinds of living organisms, and the most important hosts are humans, animals, plants, bacteria and fungi. Viral diseases are responsible for serious morbidity and mortality worldwide, are a major threat to public health, and remain a major problem worldwide. The recently prominent Coronaviruses (CoVs) within this group belong to the Coronaviridae family, subfamily Coronavirinae, and are large (genome size 26-32 kb), enveloped, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA ) viruses that can infect both animals and humans. The world has experienced three epidemics caused by betaCoVs in the last two decades: SARS in 2002-03, MERS in 2012, and COVID-19, first identified in 2019. COVID-19 continues to be our current health problem and studies on the subject continue. Result and Discussion: The term "antiviral agents" is defined in very broad terms as substances other than virus-containing vaccine or specific antibody that can produce a protective or therapeutic effect for the clearly detectable effect of the infected host. Nature has the potential to cure humanity's helplessness against viruses with many different plant species with strong antiviral effects. During the screening of plants with antiviral effects, focusing on plants used in folk medicine is of great importance in terms of maximizing the benefit to humanity - saving time and effort by dealing with valuable ancient knowledge on a scientific basis. In this review, viral diseases and the plants used in these diseases and determined to be effective are mentioned.Copyright © 2022 University of Ankara. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: The multitargeted computational approach for the design of drugs to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lung infection from herbal sources may lead to compound(s) that is/are safe (derived from natural sources), effective (act on predefined targets) and broad spectrum (active in both, adult and juvenile population). Objective(s): The present work aims at developing a specific and effective treatment for a lung infection in both the adult and juvenile population, caused due to SARS-CoV-2 through a computational approach. Method(s): A systematic virtual screening of 27 phytoconstituents from 11 Indian herbs with antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity was performed. After applying the Lipinski rule of five, 19 compounds that fitted well were subjected to molecular docking studies using Molegro virtual docker 6.0 with two targets viz. SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) (PDB ID 6LU7) and ACE receptor (PDB ID 6M0J). The best-docked complexes were used to develop a merged feature pharmacophore using Lig-andscout software, to know the structural requirements to develop multitarget inhibitor(s) of SARS-CoV-2. Drug likeliness and ADMET studies were also performed. Result(s): The results revealed that Syringin, a glycoside from Tinospora cordifolia, has a good binding affinity towards both targets as compared to Remdesivir. Furthermore, drug likeliness and ADMET studies established its better bioavailability and low toxicity. Conclusion(s): The pharmacophores developed from protein-ligand complexes provided an important understanding to design multitarget inhibitor(s) of SARS-CoV-2 to treat COVID-19 lung infection in both the adult and juvenile populations. Syringin may be subjected to further wet-lab studies to establish the results obtained through in-silico studies.Copyright © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. There is no effective medication for COVID-19 as of now, so it would be good to take preventive measures that not only boost our immunity but also fight against infections. The use of traditional Chinese medicine in China to treat COVID-19 patients sets the prototype demonstrating that traditional medicines can contribute to prevention and treatment successfully. In India, the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeop-athy) released a self-care advisory during the COVID-19 crisis as a preventive aspect. This review article discusses the therapeutic potential and clinical relevance of some herbs [(Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Tvaka (Cinnamon), Maricha (Piper longum), Shunthi (Zingi-ber officinale), Munakka (Dried grapes), Lavang (Syzigiumaromaticum), Pudina (Mentha arvensis), and Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi)] advised by AUYSH to take during COVID-19 infection. They are effective in COVID-19 management, therefore, authors have discussed their detailed traditional uses as therapeutics and spotted scientific insight and clinical significance of the herbs mentioned above along with their mechanistic viewpoint, adequately, on a single platform. Provided information could be a treasure to open up a new research arena on natural products to manage human health crises effectively, caused not only by COVID-19 but also by other infectious diseases.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.